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The Committee was disappointed that Schering Pty Ltd had not provided the information about its sponsorship of MS Australia as was requested following the July 2006 Committee meeting. The Committee was of the view that it would be a very serious matter for a company to use a health consumer organisation as a conduit to engage in promotional activities directed to consumers. The Committee noted Schering's concern stated in its letter of 10 August 2006 that Sanofi Aventis had not sufficiently made out their complaint. However, the Committee considered that it had received a valid complaint from Sanofi Aventis and was empowered by the Code to fully investigate the complaint and to determine whether any breach had occurred. Members agreed that many health consumer organisations HCO ; receive financial support and unrestricted educational grants from pharmaceutical companies to conduct programs for their members. The Committee was of the view that such relationships should comply fully with the requirements of the Code specifically Section 7 ; and should be guided by the publication `Working Together A Guide to relationships between Health Consumer Organisations and Pharmaceutical Companies' which was developed following lengthy consultation between the Consumers' Health Forum, HCOs and Medicines Australia. The Committee did not accept that the details of a sponsorship relationship should be held out as being confidential from the Committee when it has received a complaint. Section 7.1.3 of the Code requires companies to have guidelines for awarding sponsorship and these must be available for public disclosure. With respect to a specific sponsorship arrangement, the details would not be disclosed by the Committee to any other party. It only requires the information in so far as it is necessary to determine the complaint. All permanent members of the Committee have signed confidentiality undertakings. The rotating members receive the agenda papers on the undertaking that all papers are to be kept confidential. The Committee asked that the Secretariat draft a further letter to Schering, to be approved by the Chairman of the Code Committee, requesting the following information to be provided in accordance with Section 11.1.1 of the Code: a copy of the Schering Pty Ltd Sponsorship Guidelines; and information setting out the nature and terms of Schering's sponsorship of MS Australia as it existed in March 2006 at the time of the MS Conference, including a copy of any sponsorship agreement or other document which sets out the nature and terms of the sponsorship and the amount of financial support provided in the last financial year, for example, nimodipine subarachnoid.
Nitric Oxide in penile erection Central Nitric Oxide pathways in the regulation of penile erection F. Giuliano, France Regulation of penile contractility by Nitric Oxide R. Pickard, UK smooth muscle Throughout these last two years articles have been supplied to various publications on either the activities of the Society or impotence in general. Examples of this include two issues of the ISIR news bulletin, the EAU Congress newsletter and the Hospital Healthcare Europe 98 99 and 99 2000 editions with articles on impotence written by the president of the ESIR and distributed to Hospitals throughout the European Union. Last but not least we have attempted to put order in the ESIR membership roster. A membership certificate has been designed and will be made available to all members. The current number of members is over 250 with mostly active members. And to round off, preparations for the ESIR 2001 Meeting which will be sited in Rome are already underway with the Chairmanship of Dr. Francesco Montorsi heading a Local Organising Committee. Once again this should prove to be a great scientific event in the sexual dysfunction calendar of the 21st century, we urge you not to miss it!
A previous history of psychological difficulties does not predict the development of steroid psychosis. Litz, in his study at Johns Hopkins, noted that even the most "highly unstable and poorly integrated" patients did not experience any untoward emotional reactions after ACTH or cortisone therapy when compared to their more emotionally stable counterparts. Thus, a patient's past psychiatric history is not a reliable predictor of developing a future steroid psychosis. In a review of the steroid literature approximately 20% of the patients reported to have developed a steroid psychosis had a history of previous psychiatric disorders, 80% did not. Steroid psychoses tend to be acute in their onset and although mental changes can occur at any time during the course of therapy, most occurred within the first six to 10 hours following the administration of ACTH, or within the first four to six days following the oral administration of corticosteroids. The most frequent initial presentation of an impending steroid psychosis was a state of cerebral hyperexcitability, clearly perceived and reported by the patient. Patients characterize these states as being marked by increased irritability, lability of mood, a profound dysphoria, hyperacusis, and pressured or driven thought processes. These changes often antecede other more serious disturbances of cognition by 72 to hours. Once a steroid psychosis is fully defined it is likely to present as a spectrum psychosis, with the most prominent symptoms consisting of profound distractibility, pressured speech, anxiety, emotional lability, severe insomnia, sensory flooding, depression, perplexity, auditory and visual hallucinations, agitation, intermittent memory impairment, mutism, delusions, disturbances of body image, apathy and hypomania. Prior to the advent of treatment with phenothiazines, it was noted that these conditions spontaneously remitted in from two weeks to seven months after the discontinuation of steroids, with 80% of the cases reported in the literature having remitted untreated by the sixth week. Administration of phenothiazines dramatically reduces this period. The current duration of psychiatric symptoms in patients who develop a steroid psychosis treated with phenothiazines ranges in the literature from one to 150 days with a mean duration until total recovery of 22 days. However, it should be noted that 40% of patients begun on timely treatment with a low to moderate dose of phenothiazines, respond within one week and that 55% of all such patients are fully recovered within two weeks. More than 90% of all patients with steroid psychosis treated with phenothiazines in whom steroids are discontinued will recover within six weeks. Delirium is the presentation with the shortest duration of symptoms. Such cases clear quite rapidly following institution of appropriate treatment and cassation of steroid therapy, usually within six days. Patients who develop a full blown affective syndrome have the longest treated course with an average duration of symptoms of 25 days. Once a diagnosis is made and treatment instituted, the literature suggests that a complete recovery is likely to occur in 90% of patients. Three percent of patients with steroid psychosis commit suicide. The remaining 5-7% will have an ongoing psychotic or depressive disorder or develop recurrent psychiatric symptoms. Ninety two percent of patients who have steroids tapered fully recover, while 84% of patients who are maintained on steroids but treated with antipsychotic medicines show full recovery of symptoms. ECT, in the 11 cases reported in the literature has been universally effective in reversing the course of steroid psychosis, because nimodipine solubility.
With forskolin and DHPs increased halide transport dramatically, as indicated by the steep decrease in cell fluorescence upon the addition of I . Dose-response relationships Fig. 4B and Table 2 ; revealed that G551D activation required DHP concentrations higher than F508. The potency order for the G551D mutant was the following: felodipine nicardipine nitrendipine nifedipine nimodipine isradipine niguldipine. In Ussing chamber experiments, very small currents were activated after forskolin stimulation of G551D-CFTR cells. However, the addition of DHPs strongly stimulated mutant CFTR activity Fig. 4C ; . Maximal effect for the most effective compounds consisted in 16- to 45-fold increase of the current stimulated by forskolin alone. It is interesting that the maximal response to DHPs like felodipine or isradipine was at least 2-fold larger than that to genistein, a known activator of the G551D mutant Illek et al., 1999; Zegarra-Moran et al., 2002 ; . Table 3 shows the structure of tested DHPs, which allows the initial evaluation of the structural requirements for CFTR activation. Various types of substitutions NO2, chlorine ; of the phenyl ring at ortho- and meta-positions permit activity. This behavior could resemble that described for DHPs as Ca2 -channel blockers, whereby substituents of the phenyl ring are believed to provide sufficient bulk to lock the ring in particular conformation Harrold, 2002 ; . On the other hand, substitutions at other positions show differences between CFTR and Ca2 channels. For example, replacement of the ester at R4 with a NO2 group produces a Ca2 -channel activator BayK-8644 ; whereas the type of effect on CFTR is not changed. Furthermore, bulky groups at R3 lercanidipine, niguldipine ; or at R2 amlodipine ; , which are optimal for Ca2 -channel blockers, strongly decrease activity on CFTR. Most of the DHPs used to block voltage-dependent Ca2 channels have a chiral center and show stereoselectivity. Therefore, one of the stereoisomers is usually more potent than the other. We investigated the possibility of stereoseTABLE 1 Activation properties of 1, 4-dihydropyridines measured in FRT cells expressing F508-CFTR.
Service Disclaimer 1. Yes To Life's service provides access to information about treatments for cancer and is intended in particular to assist its users to find out about alternative treatments that may be available. Yes To Life has used all reasonable care and skill in compiling the content of the service but provides no warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy of any information and cannot accept liability for any errors or omissions. Yes To Life's service is not provided by fully qualified health practitioners or doctors able to give advice on medical matters. Cancer is a very serious and individual disease. Users must consult with experts in their appropriate medical field before taking up any form of treatment. The information provided under this service is not intended or implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice nor is it intended to be for medical diagnosis or treatment. Yes To Life shall not be liable to any person for any loss or damage which may arise from the use of the information provided under this service. These exclusions of liability will not apply to damages arising from death or personal injury caused by the negligence of Yes To Life or any of its employees or agents. Users of this service are responsible for compliance with local laws if and to the extent they are applicable. This disclaimer is prepared under and shall be governed by English law and noroxin.
15. Feyerabend C, Russell MAIl. materials: Sources of contamination Pharmacol 32, 178-181 1980.
Of Eton was particularly scathing. Lenina alone said nothing. Pale, her blue eyes clouded with an unwonted melancholy, she sat in a corner, cut off from those who surrounded her by an emotion which they did not share. She had come to the party filled with a strange feeling of anxious exultation. "In a few minutes, " she had said to herself, as she entered the room, "I shall be seeing him, talking to him, telling him" for she had come with her mind made up ; "that I like himmore than anybody I've ever known. And then perhaps he'll say ." What would he say? The blood had rushed to her cheeks. "Why was he so strange the other night, after the feelies? So queer. And yet I'm absolutely sure he really does rather like me. I'm sure ." It was at this moment that Bernard had made his announcement; the Savage wasn't coming to the party. Lenina suddenly felt all the sensations normally experienced at the beginning of a Violent Passion Surrogate treatmenta sense of dreadful emptiness, a breathless apprehension, a nausea. Her heart seemed to stop beating. "Perhaps it's because he doesn't like me, " she said to herself. And at once this possibility became an established certainty: John had refused to come because he didn't like her. He didn't like her "It really is a bit too thick, " the Head Mistress of Eton was saying to the Director of Crematoria and Phosphorus and norfloxacin, for example, nimotop.
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Staying Healthy If you would like to understand how the various elements of the healthcare program work, investigate this section. It has information on eligibility, enrollment, plan basics and more. You will also find information on flexible spending accounts and the managed disability program. Financial Security Part of well-being is making sure you and your family are financially secure. This section walks you through the pension equity plan, the savings and investment plan and your insurance options. It also provides some useful information on how to plan for a secure retirement. When Things Happen Here is the real time saver. Although it's very important to be aware of all the great benefits available to you at Millennium, there are times when you need information and you need it fast. This section is organized around when you make changes--such as getting married or starting a family. You'll find information on what you have to do, when you have to do it and other considerations you might not have thought about. Look, too, for less frequently needed, but equally important information, such as what to do in financial emergency or how to handle a non-occupational disability. Administrative Help This section offers answers to questions that might be nagging you . such as how to replace a medical ID card, how to change a beneficiary and information on how to file claims. There's also a list of contacts, phone numbers, and group numbers for all of the insurance carriers. Glossary.
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November 13, 1998 2nd Texas Vascular Society Meeting Stent Grafts for Aortic Aneurysm: Evolving Technology or Ready for Prime Time Dallas, TX 2 hours November 19-22, 1998 Albert Einsten College of Medicine 25th Annual Symposium on Current Critical Problems, New Horizons and Techniques in Vascular and Endovascular Surgery New York City, NY 38 hours December 7, 1998 Methodist Medical Center Multiple Facial Trauma Dallas, TX 1.2 hours February 11, 1999 Methodist Medical Center Tumor Board Conference Dallas, TX 1 hour March 2, 1999 Postgraduate Institute of Medicine Low Molecular Weight Heparins: Evolving Roles in Clinical Practice Dallas, TX 1 hour March 29-31, 1999 Education Design Principles of Endovascular Surgery: Skills and Techniques Atlanta, GA 21 hours April 9-10, 1999 Texas Surgical Society Spring Semi-Annual Meeting Dallas, TX 8.5 hours April 16, 1999 Methodist Medical Center General Surgery Trauma Conference Dallas, TX 1 hour May 6, 1999 Texas Vascular Society of Southwestern Medical Center Long-Term Results of Vein Grafts for Infrainguinal Bypass Dallas, TX.
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The Group's activities are in one business segment, pharmaceuticals. There are no other significant classes of business, either singularly or in aggregate. Geographic areas The tables below show information by geographic area and, for sales and property, plant and equipment, material countries. The figures show the sales, operating profit before tax made by companies located in that area country, together with segment assets, segment assets acquired, net operating assets and property, plant and equipment owned by the same companies; export sales and the related profit are included in the area country from which those sales were made, for example, nimodipine tablets.
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Antibiotics and 4 ; it has the gene for production of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin PVL ; toxin. Syndromes caused by these strains are now being found throughout the general population, but there is an increased risk of acquisition from close contact as seen in some HIV risk groups such as men who have sex with men MSM ; , prison inmates, and injection drug users. MRSA-USA300 has been implicated in more than 10, 000 cases of skin and soft-tissue abscesses, and there have been numerous case reports and small series of necrotizing pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis, and pyomyositis. A study of abscesses due to MRSAUSA300 involving a professional football team Kazakova et al, N Engl J Med, 2005 ; used pulsed-field gel electropheresis patterns to show that the implicated strain of MRSA was also found in outbreaks among other football teams, prison inmates in 5 states, fencers in Colorado, and pediatric patients in Texas, Minnesota, and North Dakota. This now appears to be an explosive epidemic throughout the United States, Europe, and other parts of the world. As noted, the MRSA-USA300 family carries the gene for PVL toxin that lyses polymorphonucleocytes PMNs ; by creating pores in the cell membrane, resulting in cytokine release and cell death. A recent study provides evidence that PVL is indeed a major virulence factor in community-acquired MRSA Labandeira-Rey et al, Science, 2007 ; . In this study, mice given inoculation in the nares had lethal necrotizing pneumonia when challenged with PVL-positive organisms, but only mild pneumonia with PVL-negative strains. Most convincing was the demonstration of typical necrotizing lung lesions and death when challenged by PVL alone. The extent to which MRSA has spread in the community was indicat.
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| Nimodipine vertigo1.2 Recent changes to the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 are already beginning to emerge in the wake of the Shipman Reports. To date, the requirement that Controlled Drug prescriptions should be written in the prescriber's own handwriting has been removed. Prescriptions will be valid as long as they are written indelibly and include all of the legally required elements. This means that CD prescriptions can now be type-written, hand written or computer printed; only the signature of the prescriber needs to be handwritten. Prescribers are advised not to attempt to implement this change until the necessary software changes have been made. 1.3 In addition, the definition of CD register is being amended to include a computerised system which is in accordance with best practice guidance endorsed by the Secretary of State under section 2 of the National Health Service Act 1977. Further guidance is awaited and until this is published, electronic registers have been approved in principle but are not yet permitted in practice.
Ichimiya Y, Emson PC, Mountjoy CQ, Lawson DEm, Heizmann CW 1988 ; Loss of calbindin-28K immunoreactive neurones from the cortex in Alzheimer-type dementia. Brain Res 475: 156-159. Inouye, S. et al. 1985 ; . Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for the luminescent protein aequorin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 82, 3154-3158. Khachaturian ZS 1987 ; Hypothesis on the regulation of cytosolic calcium concentration and the aging brain. Neurobiol Aging 8: 345-346. Khachaturian, Z.S. 1989 ; . The role of calcium regulation in brain aging: Reexamination of a hypothesis. Aging, 1: 17-34. Khachaturian ZS 1994 ; Calcium hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and brain aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 747: 1-11. Landfield PW 1987 ; 'Increased calcium current' hypothesis of brain aging. Neurobiol Aging 8: 346-347. Mattson, M.P. 1989 ; . Cellular signaling mechanisms common to the development and degeneration of neuroarchitecture. Mech. Aging Dev., 50, 103-57. Mattson MP, Rychlik B, Chu C, Christakos S 1991 ; Evidence for calcium-reducing and excito-protective roles for the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D28k in cultured hippocampal neurons. Neuron 6: 41-51. McLachlan, D. et al. 1987 ; . Calmodulin and calbindin D-28k in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disorder, 1 3 ; , 171-9. Miller AJ, Karplus E, Jaffe, LF 1994 ; . Imaging [Ca21]i with aequorin using a photon imaging detector. Methods Cell Biol. 40: 305338. Mouatt-Prigent, A. et al. 1994 ; . Does the calcium-binding protein calreticulin protect dopaminergic neurons against degeneration in Parkinson's disease? Brain Research, 668 1-2 ; , 62-70. Moncrief ND, Kretsinger RH, Goodman M 1990 ; Evolution of EF-hand calcium-modulated proteins. I. Relationships based on amino acid sequences. 30 6 ; : 522-62 ; Moyer JR, Jr., Brown TH 2002 ; Patch-clamp techniques applied to brain slices. In: Advanced Techniques for Patch-Clamp Analysis Walz W, Boulton AA, Baker GB, eds ; , pp 135194. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. Moyer JR, Jr., Disterhoft JF 1994 ; Nimodipune decreases calcium action potentials in an age- and concentration-dependent manner. Hippocampus 4: 11-18. Moyer JR, Jr., Brown TH 1998 ; Methods for whole-cell recording from visually preselected neurons of perirhinal cortex in brain slices from young and aging rats. J Neurosci Meth 86: 35-54. Moyer JR, Jr., Thompson LT, Disterhoft JF 1996 ; Trace eyeblink conditioning increases CA1 excitability in a transient and learning-specific manner. J Neurosci 16: 5536-5546. Moyer JR, Jr., Thompson LT, Black JP, Disterhoft JF 1992 ; Nimodi0ine increases excitability of rabbit CA1 pyramidal neurons in an age- and concentration-dependent manner. J Neurophysiol 68: 2100-2109. Moyer JR, Jr., Power JM, Thompson LT, Disterhoft JF 2000 ; Increased excitability of aged rabbit CA1 neurons after trace eyeblink conditioning. J Neurosci 20: 5476-5482. Moyer JR, Jr., Kelsey SM, McGann JP, Brown TH 2001 ; Morphology and distribution of calbindin-D28k in adult and aged rat perirhinal cortex. Soc Neurosci Abstr 27: Program No. 327.7. Moyer JR, Jr., Choi JS, McGann JP, Brown TH 2002 ; Impairment of trace and contextual fear conditioning in aging rats. Soc Neurosci Abstr 28: Program No. 85.3. Abstract Viewer Itinerary planner, Washington, D.C. Parent, A. 1995 ; . Chemical anatomy of primate basal ganglia. Prog. Neurobiol. 46 2-3 ; , 131-97. Pascale and Etcheberrigaray 1999 ; . Calcium alterations in Alzheimer's disease: pathophysiology, models and therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Res, 39 2 ; , 81-8 and pimozide and nimodipine.
Recommendations for future research. Cholinesterase inhibitors are the mainstay of treatment for patients with mild to moderate AD. Insufficient data exist on the effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with mild cognitive impairment MCI ; , early AD, and severe AD, although studies are underway to examine these issues. Antioxidants and anti-inflammatories are under study for the ability to delay the progression of MCI to AD. Comparative trials assessing multiple cholinesterase inhibitors and add-on studies combining cholinesterase inhibition with other therapeutic strategies are needed. Additional well designed, adequately powered studies using common outcome measures would be beneficial regarding the efficacy of ginkgo biloba, cerebrolysin, piracetam, Hydergine, acetyl-L-carnitine, nimodipine, ibuprofen, and other anti-inflammatory agents. Additional studies comparing different formulations and doses of vitamin E and other antioxidant agents are needed to assess the impact of these agents in altering disease progression of AD. Ischemic vascular dementia requires clear diagnostic criteria, recognition and definition of subgroups of patients, and an understanding of the natural history of various forms of this disorder. Clinical trials must use standard diagnostic.
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Medium for cell culture such as Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium DMEM ; , N2 supplement, Fetal Calf serum FCS ; , Trypsin EDTA solution, Hanks Balanced Salt Solution HBSS ; , Penicillin streptomycin solution were from Gibco BRL Life Technologies. Metalloprotease inhibitors GI 254023X and GW 280264X were a gift from Dr. Andreas Ludwig, Univ of Kiel, Germany. Dr. S. Roman-Roman, Aunlis pharmaceuticals, France provided RU36156. Pharmacological agents NMDA, Kainate, DNQX, APV, PMA, nimodipinne and -conotoxin MVIIC were from Tocris. From Sigma, we procured 1, 10 phenanthroline, MG132, cycloheximide, actinomycin D. TAPI-1 and TAPI-2 were purchased from Peptides International. TFP, U0126, Ilomastat, FK-506 were from Calbiochem. NMDA, Kainate, -conotoxin MVIIC, APV and RU 36156 were dissolved in distilled water. Dimethylsulfoxide was used as a solvent for dissolving nimodipine, U0126, TAPI-1, 1, 10 phenanthroline, Ilomastat, DNQX, FK-506, TFP, MG132, actinomycin D, GI 254023X and GW 280264X with the final concentration of 0.1% DMSO in cell cultures. TAPI-2 and cycloheximide were dissolved in ethanol with a final concentration of 0.1% ethanol in cultures. All the standard laboratory chemicals, acids and bases were from Merck, Roth, Serva, Fluka or Sigma. The restriction enzymes used in molecular biological studies for sub cloning ; were from Boehringer Mannheim, Gibco BRL Life Technologies, MBI Fermentas, Pharmacia Biotech, New England Biolabs and USBTM Amersham LIFE SCIENCE.
Table 4. Reported Quality of Information About Hormone Therapy Research Findings and Knowledge of These Findings Among 670 Women * Interviewed Compared by Attempt to Stop Hormone Therapy Attempted to stop hormone therapy Source Media information quality Good to best Less than good Kaiser Foundation Health Plan information quality Good to best Less than good Kaiser Permanente health care provider information quality Good to best Less than good Knowledge of WHI study findings Correct None or incorrect Score on true-or-false quiz 03 45 Yes No P .001 102 72.3 ; 273 51.9 ; 39 27.7 ; 253 48.1.
Address: 1Department of Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada, 2Department of Pediatrics And Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada, 3Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada and 4Department of Radiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada Email: Ali Somily - asomily ualberta ; Joan L Robinson * - jr3 ualberta ; Lilly J Miedzinski - lil edzinski ualberta ; Ravi Bhargava - rbhargav cha.ab ; Thomas J Marrie - tom.marrie ualberta * Corresponding author.
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Visual acuity measures the sharpness of vision using a letter chart. Table 2 shows that six months after the treatment, 84% of study patients saw 20 or better without glasses while 98% of study patients saw 20 40 or better. A visual acuity of 20 40 better is the standard requirement in most states for you to drive without any glasses or contact lenses.
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The first quarter 2007 Innoviant Pharmacy and Therapeutics P&T ; committee meeting will be held on January 15, 2007 in Chicago, IL. Clients who wish to send a representative to observe need to contact the Innoviant clinical department by December 1, 2006 at 866 ; 800-4321, extension 4115067.
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During treatment. These data yielded a SMD of -0.41 95% CI, -1.02 to 0.2 ; , which was not statistically significant. Sorge 1988 reported that mean headache duration number of hours attack ; was significantly lower with flunarizine than with placebo after 2 p 0.01 ; and 3 p 0.001 ; months of treatment; there was no statistically significant difference between the two interventions at 1 month. Results for this outcome were reported only graphically and thus could not be independently analysed. Headache frequency and duration: Sorge 1985 also reported dichotomous data on the number of patients reporting a greater than 50% reduction in both frequency and duration. Sixteen of 21 patients 76% ; taking flunarizine and 4 21 19% ; taking placebo showed greater than 50% improvement. This yielded an odds ratio OR ; of 13.6 95% CI, 3.09 to 59.83 ; , which was statistically significant p 0.001 ; in favour of flunarizine. The number-needed-to-treat NNT ; for 50% reduction of headache frequency and duration using flunarizine was 1.75 95% CI, 1.22 to 3.1 ; . Adverse events: Neither trial described the methods used to ascertain adverse events. Sorge 1985 reported: 'the most common side effects in patients completing the trial were sleepiness mainly during the first month, and slight weight gain in six children'. Three of 24 patients randomised to flunarizine 12.5% ; withdrew due to adverse events drowsiness, gastrointestinal complaints, fatigue ; . The risk difference RD ; for withdrawal due to adverse events was 0.12 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.28 ; , which was not statistically significant. Sorge 1988 reported: 'The commonest side effects were drowsiness, found in six children 9.5% of 63 completers ; and weight gain in 14 22.2% of 63 completers ; '. We were unable to separate the adverse events associated with flunarizine from those associated with placebo. The risk difference was therefore not calculated. 1.a.ii ; NIMODIPINE 1 STUDY ; A single RCT compared nimodipine dosage: 10 mg for 40 kg bodyweight; 16 mg for 40-50 kg bodyweight; 20 mg for 50 kg bodyweight ; with placebo Battistella 1990 ; . This was a crossover trial n 37 ; with each intervention administered for 12 weeks. A 4-week washout period was allowed. Headache frequency decreased in both groups during period 1 and then behaved normally in period 2 decreasing with active treatment and increasing with placebo ; . We therefore analysed first-period data only. Headache duration showed a carry-over effect. Patients recorded in a diary the frequency, duration, and intensity of attacks. However, only frequency and duration were reported as outcome measures. Headache frequency: Battistella 1990 reported data on mean headache frequency number of attacks month ; . During the first treatment stage, nimodipine reduced frequency of headaches from 3.3 SD, 0.9 ; attacks at the start to 2.8 0.9 ; at the end of treatment. Placebo reduced the number of attacks per month from 3.0 0.9 ; at the start to 2.5.
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